Monday, August 2, 2021

ISpeak


en-treat

(en-tret)    also in-treat (in-)v. en-treat-ed, en-treat-ing, en-treats.v. tr. 1. To make an earnest request of. 2. To ask for earnestly; petition for. 3. Archaic. To deal with; treat.v. intr. To make an earnest request or petition; plead. See Synonyms at beg.[Middle English entreten, from Anglo-Norman entreter : en-, causative pref. See EN-1 + treter, to treat. See TREAT.]--en-treat'ing-ly adv. --en-treat'ment n.

******

suf-fer(sufr)v. suf-fered,

suf-fer-ing, suf-fers.v. intr. 1. To feel pain or distress; sustain loss, injury, harm, or punishment. 2. To tolerate or endure evil, injury, pain, or death. See Synonyms at bear1. 3. To appear at a disadvantage: "He suffers by comparison with his greater contemporary" (Albert C. Baugh).v. tr. 1. To undergo or sustain (something painful, injurious, or unpleasant): "Ordinary men have always had to suffer the history their leaders were making" (Herbert J. Muller). 2. To experience; undergo: suffer a change in staff. See Synonyms at experience. 3. To endure or bear; stand: would not suffer fools. 4. To permit; allow: "They were not suffered to aspire to so exalted a position as that of streetcar conductor" (Edmund S. Morgan).[Middle English suffren, from Old French sufrir, from Vulgar Latin *sufferire, from Latin sufferre : sub-, sub- + ferre, to carry. See bher-1.]--suf'fer-er n. --suf'fer-i                                                                                    American Heritage Dictionary

 ************

 

 EAST

<<<<<Toward the east, Sunrise,-------------/

--------------- From the east. Sunset, >>>>>

 

 

And

it

came to pass,

 

as they

journeyed

 

from the east,

 

that they

found

a

plain

in

the

land

of

Shinar;

 

and they dwelt

there.

**

 

And Lot lifted

up

his eyes,

anbeheld

all

the plain

of

Jordan,

 

Then Lot

chose

him

all the

plain

of

Jordan;

 

anLot

journeyed east:

 

and they

separated

themselves

the

one

from

the other.

**

But those

that encamp

before

the

tabernacle

toward the east,

 

even

before

the

tabernacle

of

the

congregation eastward,

 

shall

be

Moses,

**

 

And

the

Lord

said

unto him,

 

What

is that

in

thine

hand?

 

***

What aileth

thee,

 

Hagar?

 

fear not;

 

for God

hath heard

the voice

of

the

lad

 

where

he

is.

 

Arise,

lifup

the

lad,

 

and hold

him in

thine

hand;

 

for

I

will make

him

a

great nation.

*

 

and they

bare children

 to

them,

 

the same became

mighty men

which

were

 

of

old,

 

men of renown.

**

 

And Cush

begat

Nimrod:

 

he

began

to

 

be

 

a

mighty

 

one

 

in

the earth.

****

 

And the

Lord

said unto

him,

What

is

that

in thine hand?

 

 

And he said,

 

A rod.

 

**

 

And he said

unto the

woman,

 

Yea,

 

hath God said,

 

Ye shall not eat

of

every

tree

of the

garden?

**

 

Cast

it

on the

ground.

**

 

And the woman

said

unto

the

serpent,

 

We

 

may eat

of the fruit

of

the trees

 

of

the garden:

**

 

Anhe

cast

it

on

the ground,

 

and

it

became a serpent;

**

 

Now

the

serpent

was

more subtil

than

any

beast

of the

field

which

the

Lord God

had made.

**

 

In

the

 day

that God

created man,

 

in

the

likeness

of

God

made

he

him;

***

 

and Moses

fled

from

before

it.

**

 

Therefore

thus

saith

the

Lord God

of

hosts,

 

 O

my people

that

dwellest in Zion,

be

not

afraid

of

 

the

Assyrian:

 

he

shall smite

 

thee

 

with a rod,

 

and shall lift

up

his

staff

against

 

thee,

 

after

the

manner

of

Egypt.

 

For

yet

a

very little while,

 

and the

indignation

shall cease,

 

anmine anger

in

their

destruction.

**

 

And the

Lord

said unto

Moses,

 

Put

forth

thine hand,

**

 

Now

therefore

restore

*

 

*

the

man his wife;

. . . and

ithou

restore

her not,

 

know thou

that thou

shalt surely die,

 thou,

and

all that

are

thine.

**

 

and take

it

by

the tail.

 

Anhe

put forth

his hand,

and caught it,

 

anit became

rod

in his

hand:

***

 

That they

may

 

believe

 

that the

Lord God

of

their fathers,

the

God

of

Abraham,

 

the

God

of

Isaac,

 

and the

God

of

Jacob,

 

hath

 

appeared

 

unto

thee.

 

And the

Lord

said

furthermore

 

unto him,

 

Put

now

thine hand

into

thy

bosom.

**

 

And God

called

the

 light Day,

 

. . . and the morning

were the

first day.

**

 

How

art thou

fallen

from

heaven,

 

O

Lucifer,

 

son

of the

morning!

 

how

art thou

cut

down

to the

ground,

 

which didst

weaken

the

nations!

 

For

thou hast

said

in

thine heart,

 

I

will ascend

into

heaven,

 

I

will exalt

my

throne above

the

stars

of

God:

**

 

 

And

he

put

 

his

hand

 

into

his

bosom:

 

and when

he

took

it

 

out,

 

behold,

his hand

 

was

leprous

as

snow.

 

And

he

said,

 

Put

 

thine hand

into

thy

bosom again.

***

 

And

the

dove

came

in to

him

in

the

evening;

 

and,

lo,

in

her

mouth

was an olive

leaf

plucked off:

**

 

And

the

beginning

 

of his

kingdom

was

Babel, . . .

 

… in the

land of Shinar.

 

     Asshur,

anbuilded

Nineveh,

 

and the

city

Rehoboth, and Calah,

 

AnResen

between

Nineveh

and Calah:

the

same

is

a

great city.

**

Then cometh

Immanuel

 

from

 

Nineveh

to

Jordan

unto

Elisha,

 

to be

anointed

of

him.

 

But Elisha 

forbad

him,

 

saying,

 

I

have need

to be

anointed

of

thee,

 

and comest

thou

 

to me?

 

And

Immanuel

said

unto

him,

 

Suffer

it

to be

so

now:

 

for thus it

becometh

us

to

fulfil

all

righteousness.

 

Then

he

suffered

 

him.

**

 

And they

answered

them,

and said,

 

He is;

 

behold,

 

he is

beforyou:

 

 make haste

now,

for he

 came

today

to

the city;

 

for there

is a

sacrifice

of the

people

today

ithe

high place:

 

As soon

as ye

be

come into

the

city,

ye shall

straightway

find him,

 

before

he

go

up

 

to the

high place

to

eat:

 

for

the

people

will not

eat

until

he

come,

 

because

he doth

bless the sacrifice;

 

and

afterwards

they eat

that

be

bidden.

 

Now

therefore

get you up;

 

for

about

this time

ye

shall find him.

***

 

For God,

said

she,

hath

appointed

me

another

seed instead

of

Abel,

 whom Cain slew.

**

 

And Immanuel,

when

he

was

anointed,

 

went

up

straightway

 

out

of

the

water:

 

and,

 

lo,

 

the heavens

 

were

opened

unto him,

 

and

he

saw

*

And

 

the

Spirit of God

moved

upon the face

of the

waters.

*

 

the

Spirit of God

descending like a dove,

and

lighting

upon

him:

 

****

 

AnRebekah

lifted

up her eyes,

 and

when

she

saw

Isaac,

****

 

And every

beast

that parteth

the

hoof,

and cleaveth

**

 

and everliving

creature

that moveth,

**

 

the cleft

into

two claws,

 

and cheweth

the cud

among

the beasts,

 

that

ye

shall eat.

 

Nevertheless

these

ye

shall not eat

 

of

them that chew the cud,

or

of

them that

divide

the

cloven hoof;

 

as the camel,

and the hare,

and the coney:

 for they chew the cud,

     

but

divide not the hoof;

 

therefore

they are unclean

unto you.

 

**

she

lighted

 

off

the camel.

**

 

And

the

Lord

shall

cause

his

glorious voice

 

to be

heard,

and shall shew

the

lighting down

 

of

hiarm,

 

with

the indignation

of

hianger,

***

 

But when

he

saw

the multitudes,

 

he

was moved

with

compassion

on

them,

because they fainted,

 

and

were

scattered

abroad,

 

as

sheep

having

no

shepherd.

 

Then saith

he

unthis disciples,

 

The harvest

truly

is

plenteous,

 

but

the

labourers

are few;

**

 

And

it

came to pass

on

the

morrow,

 

that the

firstborn

said unto

the

younger,

 

Behold,

**

 

And Adam knew

 

Eve his wife;

 

anshe

conceived,

 

and bare Cain,

and said,

 

I

have

gotten a man

from

the

Lord.

**

 

Hear my voice;

ye

wives

of

Lamech,

 

hearken

unto

my speech:

 

for

I

have slain

a

man

to

my wounding,

and

a

young man

to

my hurt.

**

 

 

**

And they

called

unto Lot,

 

and said unto

him,

 

Where

are the

men

which came

in to

thee

this night?

 

bring them

out unto

us,

 

that we

may know them.

 

AnLot

went out

at

the

door

unto

them,

 

and shut

the door

after

him,

 

And said,

I

pray you,

 

brethren,

 

do not

so wickedly.

 

Behold now,

I

have

two daughters

which have

not known man;

 

let me,

 

I

pray you,

bring

them

out

unto you,

 

and do

ye

to

them

 

as

is

good

 

in

your eyes:

 

only unto

these men

do

nothing;

**

 

 

And if

I

send them

away

fasting

to

their

own houses,

they will faint

by

the way:

 

for divers

of

them came

from

far.

**

 

Anmany

among them

shall stumble,

anfall,

anbe broken,

 

anbe snared,

 

anbe taken.

 

Bind up

the

testimony,

 

seal the law

among my disciples.

 

And

I

will wait upon

the Lord,

that hideth

his

face

from the house

of

Jacob,

 

and

I

will look

for him.

***

And his disciples

answered

him,

 

From

whence

can a man

satisfy

these men

with bread

 

here

in the

wilderness?

 

*

for therefore

came they

under the

shadow

of

my

roof.

*

Anit

came to pass,

 

 when they

had brought

 

them forth

abroad,

 

that he said,

Escape

for

thy life;

 

look not

behind

thee,

 

neither

stay thou

in

all the

plain;

 

escape

to

the

mountain,

lest thou

be

consumed.

*

 

I

lay

yesternight

with

 

my father:

 

let us

make

 him

drink wine

this night

also;

 

and

go

thou

in,

and lie

with him,

 

that we

 

may preserve

seed

of

our father.

 

*

Except

the God

of

my father,

 

the

God

of

Abraham,

 

and the

fear

of

Isaac,

 

had been with

me,

surely

thou hadst

 

sent me away

now

empty.

God

hath seen

mine

affliction

and the

labour

of

my hands,

and rebuked

thee

yesternight.

 

 

 

 

***

Pray

ye

therefore

 

the Lord

of

the

harvest,

 

that

he

will send

forth

labourers

into his harvest.


And when

he

had

called

unto him

his

twelve disciples,

 

he

gave them

power

against unclean spirits,

to

cast them out,

and to heal

all manner

of

 sickness

and all

manner of disease.

  

**

and

with the flame

of

a

devouring fire,

 

with scattering,

and tempest,

 

and hailstones.

**

 

A bundle of myrrh

is my

wellbeloved

untme;

 

he shall lie

all night

betwixt

my breasts.

 

My beloved

is unto

me

as a

cluster of camphire

in the

vineyards

of

Engedi.

**

Anlo

a

voice

from heaven,

saying,

Thiis

my beloved Son,

 

iwhom

I am

well pleased.

**

 

And the Lord shall cause

his

glorious voice

to be

heard,

and shall shew the

lighting down

of

hiarm,

with the indignation

of

hianger,

and with

the flame

of

a devouring fire,

 

with scattering,

and tempest,

and hailstones.

For through

the voice

of the

Lord shall the

Assyrian

be

beaten down,

 

which smote

with

a rod.

***

And he

put

his hand

into his

bosom

again;

 

anplucked

it out of his bosom,

and, behold,

it

was

turned again

as

his

other flesh.

 

And

it shall come

to

pass,

 

if they

will not believe

thee,

 

neither hearken

to the

voice

of the

first sign,

 

that they

will believe

the voice

of the

latter sign.

***

and Aaron

and

his sons,

 

keeping the charge

of the

sanctuary

for the

charge

of the

children

of

Israel;

 

and the stranger

that cometh

nigh

shall

be

put to death.

 

ISamuelyeaO

Tuesday, July 13, 2021

Now

 







A Beast this way cometh

                                                             Published Aug 6, 2009






Sunday, July 11, 2021

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Daniel Mansfield holds the 3700-year-old Babylonian tablet that he and colleagues used to make their case. UNSW/ANDREW KELLY


This ancient Babylonian tablet may contain the first evidence of trigonometry


By Ron Cowen 

Aug. 24, 2017 , 2:00 PM

 

Trigonometry, the study of the lengths and 

angles of triangles

sends most modern high schoolers scurrying to their cellphones to look up angles, sines, and cosines. Now, a fresh look at a 3700-year-old clay tablet suggests that 


Babylonian mathematicians not only developed the first trig table, beating the Greeks to the punch by more than 1000 years, but that they also figured out an entirely new way to look at the subject.


However, other experts on the clay tablet, known as Plimpton 322 (P322), say the new work is speculative at best.

 

Consisting of four columns and 15 rows of numbers inscribed in cuneiform,


the famous P322 tablet was discovered in the early 1900s in what is now southern Iraq 


by archaeologist, antiquities dealer, and diplomat Edgar Banks, the inspiration for the fictional character Indiana Jones.

 

Now stored at Columbia University, the tablet first garnered attention in the 1940s,


when historians recognized that its cuneiform inscriptions contain a series of numbers echoing the Pythagorean theorem,

***

 

In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem, or Pythagoras's theorem, is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle.

It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.

This theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and c, often called the Pythagorean equation:[1]

 

{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2},}a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2},

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse and a and b the lengths of the triangle's other two sides. 


The theorem, whose history is the subject of much debate, is named for the Greek thinker Pythagoras,

born around 570 BC.

***

 

 

which explains the relationship of the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. (The theorem: The square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the square of the other two sides.) But why ancient scribes generated and sorted these numbers in the first place has been debated for decades.

 

 

The cuneiform inscriptions on Plimpton 322 suggest the Babylonians used a form of trigonometry based on the ratios of the sides of a triangle, rather than the more familiar angles, sines, and cosines. UNSW/ANDREW KELLY

Mathematician Daniel Mansfield of the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney was developing a course for high school math teachers in Australia when he came across an image of P322. Intrigued, he teamed up with UNSW mathematician Norman Wildberger to study it. “It took me 2 years of looking at this [tablet] and saying ‘I’m sure it’s trig, I’m sure it’s trig, but how?’” 


Mansfield says. The familiar sines, cosines, and angles used by Greek astronomers and modern-day high schoolers were completely missing. Instead, each entry includes information on two sides of a right triangle: the ratio of the short side to the long side and the ratio of the short side to the diagonal, or hypotenuse.


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Mansfield realized that the information he needed was in missing pieces of P322 that had been reconstructed by other researchers. “Those two ratios from the reconstruction really made P322 into a clean and easy-to-use trigonometric table,” he says. He and Wildberger concluded that the Babylonians expressed trigonometry in terms of exact ratios of the lengths of the sides of right triangles, rather than by angles, using their base 60 form of mathematics, they report today in Historia Mathematica. 


“This is a whole different way of looking at trigonometry,” Mansfield says. “We prefer sines and cosinesbut we have to really get outside our own culture to see from their perspective to be able to understand it.”

 

If the new interpretation is right, P322 would not only contain the earliest evidence of trigonometry, but it would also represent an exact form of the mathematical discipline, rather than the approximations that estimated 


numerical values for sines and cosines provide, notes Mathieu Ossendrijver, a historian of ancient science at Humboldt University in Berlin.

 

The table, he says, contains exact values of the sides for a range of right triangles. That means that—as for modern trigonometric tables—someone using the known ratio of two sides can use information in the tablet to find the ratios of the two other sides.

 

What’s still lacking is proof that the Babylonians did in fact use this table, or others like it, for solving problems in the manner suggested in the new paper, Ossendrijver says.

 

And science historian Jöran Friberg, retired from the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, 


blasts the idea. The Babylonians “knew NOTHING about ratios of sides!” 


he wrote in an email to Science.

He maintains that P322 is “a table of parameters needed for the composition of school texts and, [only] incidentally, a table of right triangles with whole numbers as sides.”


But Mansfield and Wildberger contend that the Babylonians, expert surveyors, could have used their tables to construct palaces, temples, and canals.

 

Mathematical historian Christine Proust of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Paris, an expert on the tablet, 

calls the team’s hypothesis “a very seductive idea.” But she points out that no known Babylonian texts suggest that the tablet was used to solve or understand right triangles.





The hypothesis is “mathematically robust, but for the time being, it is highly speculative,” she says. A thorough search of other Babylonian mathematical tablets may yet prove their hypothesis, Ossendrijver says. “But that is really an open question at the moment.”

 

Posted in: ArchaeologyAsiaMath

doi:10.1126/science.aap7690

 

Ron Cowen